How Intelligent Swabs Saves Lives Post-Surgery
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Every year many surgery patients unnecessarily endure life-threatening complications due to RSI (Retained Surgical Items), such as a cotton swab or surgical instrument being left behind post-surgery. Infusion of intelligence into consumables and surgical instruments can help hospitals eliminate the costly errors and avoid potential loss of lives. Nothing Left Behind, the international campaign for raising awareness on RSI, has been trying to virtually eliminate RSI incidents in ORs worldwide.
These incidents, where surgical equipment and consumables left inside patients leads to fatal infections, are not as uncommon as we might think. Statistics suggest the number of cases reported is significantly less than actual occurrences. On average it is estimated that only one case of RSI is reported out of every 100 to 3,000 instances for all surgical interventions, whereas in intra-abdominal surgeries the reported cases could be even as high as one in 1000 to 1,500. In this study, Gossypibomas in India - A Systematic Literature Review, professors and Doctors of Department of General Surgery and Forensic Medicine of Indira Gandhi Medical College of Himachal Pradesh found that over 8,400 RSI cases were reported in India from January 1969 to July 2016. However, only 126 cases were documented within over 100 medical publications.
The worldwide problem of such medical accidents and negligence is costly to both patients and hospitals. According to a Frost & Sullivan report, responding to these mistakes costs the U.S. healthcare industry an estimated USD 2 billion annually. The severity of the situation is such that a patient’s life can be quickly threatened by postoperative infection, or Gossypiboma.
The Nothing Left Behind initiative is seeking viable solutions to end the plight of hospital staff and the unnecessary suffering of patients. Many options
have been initially found to be effective, depending on the situation and complexity of the procedure.
Common items that get retained include surgical instruments, cotton swabs, sponges, towels, clamps and other surgical materials. Every hospital attempts a meticulous counting of the used instruments and materials. However, these manual methods have not yielded a foolproof solution to monitor all surgical items and consumables. For example, these items can be subjected to multiple counting, which can especially be unreliable during frenzied periods or before emergency surgeries. There are cases when the number of items used can exceed 200 per patient.
With the advent of electronic technology applied in all segments of health care, optical barcoding has been the primary method of tracking medical supplies and equipment
When staff suspect an RSI-related complication, the immediate step is to subject the patient to an X-ray, a rather expensive measure. Even in an X-ray film, opaque items like scissors, clamps or needles can be more readily determined than soft items like swabs and sponges. In the wake of such incidents; Nothing Left Behind makes several recommendations.
The most followed RSI prevention system begins with sponge accounting. This is a tedious process where a nurse manually counts the number of cotton sponges, swabs, and/or towels used before the procedure and later counter checks the amount of bloodied sponges and swabs post-procedure. This accounting is done at every step of the procedure - from when the surgeon closes the body cavity and the wound to until the final sutures are in place. Any discrepancy in these numbers indicates an item may still lie within the patient’s body.
This process, though widely practiced, has room for error. Manual counts leave a risk of losing count or miscalculation both prior and after the procedure. There is also the awkward handling of the bloodied cotton swabs and multiple other items.
What Intelligent Swabs Do Better
With the advent of electronic technology applied in all segments of health care, optical barcoding has been the primary method of tracking medical supplies and equipment. However, barcodes alone have revealed sizable limitations, specifically being unable to detect if anything has been left inside the body. Further, items cannot be scanned if the barcodes have been obscured by blood during surgery
By contrast, an RFID system has proven to be a foolproof method of both counting and detecting sponges. In RFID-based solution, an RF chip is embedded into the fabric of the sponges. A wand, connected to a detection console, is used to scan the patient. If a sponge is detected, the console triggers an alarm. A similar RF mat is also available, which accelerates the scanning process without manual wanding. The sponge bins are also embedded with RFID reader, which automatically counts the used sponges. RFID monitoring ensures all quantities of sponges and other items can be monitored before and after surgeries in real time, and Nothing Left Behind has promoted this technology as a cornerstone of their global initiative.
RSI remains a major cause of surgical complications-and accompanying legal liabilities-for hospitals around the world. RFID and other ‘smart’ technologies are rapidly proving to be the most effective solution to protect patient safety.